Ac - Al
Acute: Having a sudden onset of severe symptoms in a short time.
Adrenal Glands: A small gland (secretory organ), part of the endocrine (the hormonal control) system, that sits on the top of each kidney and releases various hormones (chemicals) which regulate body function. One of the primary chemicals is epinephrine or adrenaline.
Adrenaline: Trademark for epinephrine. A chemical (hormone) released by the adrenal glands to regulate the autonomic (or automatic, if you will) nervous system. This branch of the nervous system works without conscious control. Epinephrine increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and relaxes (or opens) the bronchioles (lung tubes). It is released by the body in an emergency and can be administered to relieve severe allergic reactions.
Air: The breath of life – a tasteless, odorless mixture of gases (oxygen being the most important) that sustains us.
Aiborne: Traveling on or in the air as dust, mold spores, and pollens do.
Airway: A passage for air (the breath of life, oxygen) into and out of the body. (e.g. the nasal passage, the throat, the bronchial (lung) tubes.)
Allergen: A foreign substance (usually a protein) that can cause the immune system to produce the reactive antibodies (immune system proteins) which cause an allergic reaction. (e.g. the proteins in dust, pollen, animal danders, and foods are allergens.)
Allergen Extract: A bacterially sterile liquid that contains allergens (usually proteins) which are obtained from natural sources (e.g. dust mites, pollens, and animal danders). These extracts are available in specific concentration levels for skin testing and for immunotherapy (also known as hyposensitization).
Allergy: An altered reaction of the body tissues to a specific substance (allergen) which in nonallergic individuals will, in similar amounts, have no effect. It is essentially an antigen-antibody reaction that results in symptoms. Sometimes though, the presence of the antibody can’t be proven.
Alveoli: Thin walled sac (bag like structure) in the lung at the end of the bronchioles that is surrounded by small blood vessels (capillaries) where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.
An - Au
Anaphylactic Shock: Also known as anaphylaxis. A violent reaction by the immune system in which the body over-responds to a known (suspected) offender, usually a protein. This response is the result of a well defined antigen-antibody reaction. The symptoms from the reaction may be so sudden and so severe as to result in death. (e.g. bee sting reactions)
Antibody: Proteins in blood and body fluids produced by B-lymphocytes which originate from the stem cells in the bone marrow. These proteins (or immunoglobulins) are triggered by foreign substances such as bacteria and allergens. They may be reactive in nature or protective. There are five antibody classes (and several subclasses). Antibody E (also known as IgE) is the most significant one in allergic response. IgG, thought to be protective, is what one hopes to build in response to immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Antigen: Same as an allergen. A substance (generally a protein like milk or plant pollen) that can stimulate an immune response and the production of an antibody.
Anti-LgE:A potential new type of drug that would work at the earliest part of the immune response (where immunotherapy works) that would block the release of the chemical mediators (triggers) of the allergic symptoms. Histamine is one of these symptom triggers. Research continues in this area.
Antihistamines: A group of drugs (chemical compounds) that neutralizes or blocks the effects of histamine, a chemical trigger of allergic symptoms which is released by mast cells (or basophils) in the body’s tissues and fluids during the antigen-antibody response. There are different classes of these drugs and many different types.
Anti-Inflammatory Agent: A group of compounds (pharmaceuticals) that reduces inflammation (a tissue reaction to injury resulting in swelling, redness, and heat). Inflammation is the end response to an allergic reaction. Drugs and immunotherapy can act as anti-inflammatory agents. Various vitamins and herbs (naturally occurring low dose medicines) can also accomplish this.
Asthma: A chronic, recurring condition affecting the bronchi (tube in the lungs) characterized by spasms of shortness of breath, sensations of tightness in the chest, and many times wheezing. This problem usually occurs as intermittent attacks. The episodes may be of varying intensity and duration. Status Asthmaticus is an acute attack of asthma that lasts for days. In asthma, the lung passages get narrow as a result of chronic inflammation. Asthma may be allergic or non-allergic. Unchecked, it can result in irreversible lung damage.
Autonomic: The automatic (not subject to voluntary control) part of the nervous system, which controls the heart, breathing, and digestion.
B
B-Cell: White blood cells (lymphocytes) produced in the bone marrow that secrete (or release) antibodies into the blood in response to an allergen trigger. These cells along with T-cells create a group of memory cells so that the immune system can respond more quickly the next time it is exposed to the offending agent or antigen.
Bone Marrow: A soft spongy material found in the center of bones that is responsible for the production of blood cells. (e.g. T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, platelets)
Bronchi: Plural of bronchus. The branching tubes (airways) of the lungs. These tubes are many times referred to as the bronchial tree.
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the lung passages that can be acute or chronic. It is commonly referred to as a “cold on the chest”. This may be the result of chemical or physical irritation (as in smoking), viral or bacterial infection, and/or allergy. If the inflammation progresses into the bronchioles and the alveoli, the condition is called bronchopneumonia.
Bronchiole: The last division (smallest tubes) of the bronchial tree. They are without cartilage.
Bronchus: The large airways that connect the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.
C
Cell Memory: The body’s ability to remember a foreign substance that it (the immune system) has attacked and killed in the past. This memory is what allows for “priming”. In allergy, this allows for a reaction to a formerly identified offender (allergen).
Challenge Test: Also known as provocation testing. It is used to diagnose allergy (when anaphylaxis is not suspected). The patient’s base level of symptoms is assessed and then the patient is exposed to a large amount of the suspected antigen in an attempt to induce allergy symptoms.
Contact Dermatitis: A rash, an inflammation of the skin, that occurs after touching various substances. This can be the result of an allergic response or a direct toxic effect of the substance. Common examples include detergent and cosmetic reactions, poison ivy (oak), and nickel sensitivity.
Corticosteroid Drugs: These medications suppress the immune system and thus turns off allergic reaction and reduces the inflammatory response of the body. They are similar to the naturally occurring steroid hormones that are released by the outer layer of the adrenal glands. These chemicals (hormones) are released in times of stress or emergency to prepare the body for “fight or flight” by stimulating the release of sugars and the breakdown of fats and proteins. Overuse of these drugs may result in serious side effects.
E
Eczema: A skin rash that may or may not be caused by allergy. The rash appears as a blistering, crusting, itching, oozing and scaling of the skin. It is often thought to be caused by food allergy, but may be triggered by any allergen. When allergy is suspected, it is referred to as Atopic (or allergic) dermatitis. Eczema may have other non-allergic causes.
Epinephrene: A chemical (hormone) released by the adrenal glands to regulate the autonomic (or automatic, if you will) nervous system. This branch of the nervous system works without conscious control. Epinephrine increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and relaxes (or opens) the bronchioles (lung tubes). It is released by the body in an emergency and can be administered to relieve severe allergic reactions.
Extrinsic Asthma: Wheezing that is caused by an outside source (see asthma). This might be a mechanical irritant (e.g. dry, cold air), chemical exposure (e.g. paint fumes), or an allergen (e.g. dust mites). This generally caused by something that is inhaled, but may be due to a food allergy (e.g. milk allergy).
H
Hay Fever: The common term for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis is inflammation of the nose lining (mucus membrane) which results in sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and itching. Although, allergy is the most common cause of rhinitis, the symptoms may be caused by a mechanical irritation, over use of decongestant nose sprays (rhinitis medicamentosa), or by a problem in the autonomic nervous system as in vasomotor rhinitis.
Hives: A vascular reaction in the skin which results in raised, itching, swelled areas of the skin. See Urticaria
Hydrocortisone: These medications suppress the immune system and thus turns off allergic reaction and reduces the inflammatory response of the body. They are similar to the naturally occurring steroid hormones that are released by the outer layer of the adrenal glands. These chemicals (hormones) are released in times of stress or emergency to prepare the body for “fight or flight” by stimulating the release of sugars and the breakdown of fats and proteins. Overuse of these drugs may result in serious side effects.
Hyposensitization: To make less sensitive. Allergy immunotherapy, increasing doses (based on definitive testing) of the suspected offending allergen are given to the patient at a regular interval in an effort to build protective antibodies and lessen the symptoms.
I
Immune: Not to be susceptible to disease or a particular allergen.
Immune System: The protective watchdog for the body. The system consists of the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. It is responsible for the production of various cells and antibodies for the protection for the body from bacterial and viral infections, cancer, plus allergens. It is over responding in allergy and possibly under responding when cancer occurs.
Immunoglobulins: Proteins in blood and body fluids produced by B-lymphocytes which originate from the stem cells in the bone marrow. These proteins (or immunoglobulins) are triggered by foreign substances such as bacteria and allergens. They may be reactive in nature or protective. There are five antibody classes (and several subclasses). Antibody E (also known as IgE) is the most significant one in allergic response. IgG, thought to be protective, is what one hopes to build in response to immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Immunotherapy: Allergy shots and/or allergy drops in some physician’s allergy practices.
To make less sensitive. Allergy immunotherapy, increasing doses (based on definitive testing) of the suspected offending allergen are given to the patient at a regular interval in an effort to build protective antibodies and lessen the symptoms.
Inflammation: Redness, swelling (a result of fluid production), heat, and at times pain. Inflammation has only four possible causes in the human body. 1) mechanical injury, 2) chemical irritation, 3) infection, 4) allergy. Inflammation is a hallmark to allergic reactions in the nose, lungs, and skin. It can occur in other body parts such as the gastrointestinal tract and joints.
Intolerance: An adverse reaction by the body to a foreign substance (often a food) where antigens and antibodies may not be involved. A nonallergic event resulting in symptoms.
Intrinsic Asthma: Having to do with internal factors such as emotions. The opposite of extrinsic asthma.
Intracutaneous Test: An allergy skin test in which a small amount of a weakened concentration of a suspected antigen is injected just below the outer surface (dermis) of the skin. The wheal that is created is observed for increased growth and itching for a a particular time period and is compared to a series of control wheels.
In Vitro: In a test tube in a laboratory, as in IgE antibody studies on the blood.
In Vivo: In the living organism, as with a subcutaneous (or intracutaneous) skin test.
L - M - P - R
Lymphocite: B-CELLS are helper cells and T-CELLS are suppressor cells. White blood cells that are essential to the function of the immune system.
Mast Cell: An immune system cell that is present in most body tissues. It is called a basophil if it free floats in the blood stream. Once they are surrounded with antigen-antibody complexes, these cells release histamine (and several other chemical mediators) which cause the allergic symptoms. Some medicines act directly on the mast cell to effectively prevent allergy symptoms.
Peak Flow: The maximum amount of air that a patient can forcibly exhale (as measured in a flow meter). There is a predicted value for all patients based on height, age, and gender. Patients with asthma should learn to monitor these values to help them prevent severe attacks by starting medications at the onset of difficulty. Using medicines preventatively is always better than using them to rescue oneself.
Pollen: The male fertilizing protein (agent) of flowering plants such as trees, grasses, and weeds. The most bothersome pollens are invisible and very light so as to be carried miles by the wind.
Provocation: Also known as Challenge Testing. It is used to diagnose allergy (when anaphylaxis is not suspected). The patient’s base level of symptoms is assessed and then the patient is exposed to a large amount of the suspected antigen in an attempt to induce allergy symptoms.
RAST: An In Vitro test for the measurement of specific levels of IgE antibody to suspected allergens. RAST is the abbreviation for Radio Allergo Sorbent Test, a trademark name for the test developed by Pharmacia Diagnostics. There are many other tests on the market with similar names. All attempt to measure IgE
Rhinitis: Rhinitis is inflammation of the nose lining (mucus membrane) which results in sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and itching. Although, allergy is the most common cause of rhinitis, the symptoms may be caused by a mechanical irritation, over use of decongestant nose sprays (rhinitis medicamentosa), or by a problem in the autonomic nervous system as in vasomotor rhinitis. The common term for seasonal allergic rhinitis is Hay Fever
S - T - U
Sinus: Open cavities that are lined with mucus membranes in the facial bones that allow for air movement and moisturization.
Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinus cavities characterized by thicker drainage, pressure, and pain. The cause may be viral or bacterial infection. However, allergy is often an underlying component of this process when it becomes recurrent.
Skin Prick Test: An older form of allergy skin testing still utilized by many physicians. It still serves as a useful tool in allergy diagnosis, but is not as exacting as some other methods. A drop of allergy extract is placed on the skin and then the skin is pricked allowing the extract to enter. The appearance of an itchy, red, swollen area after 10-15 minutes indicates allergy.
Symptomatic Treatment: Allergy treatment that is focused on relieving the symptoms (sneezing, runny nose, hives) and not addressing the cause.
T-Cell: A lymphocyte, see B-Cell and Cell Memory.
Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin that is characterized by the transient appearance of raised patches that are paler or redder than the surrounding skin. These often itch severely. They are also called hives. Allergies, exercise, and stress are common triggers of the problem.